Ką mes suvokiame kaip garsą?
Iš tiesų garsas yra slenkantis slėgio svyravimas terpėje, kuris yra girdimas žmogaus ar gyvūno ausimis. Paprastai svyravimas – mažas ir periodinis, tada garsas yra banga. Garsiakalbis sukuria garso slėgio virpesius, o bangos virpesiai kurie sklinda iš šaltinio mažėja su atstumu. Kuo didesnė svyravimo amplitudė, tuo didesnis garso lygis, kurį jaučiame. Tačiau, skirtingai nuo matavimo mikrofono, ausies perdavimo charakteristika ne linijine ir priklauso, pirmiausiai, nuo individo ir antra – dėl garso slėgio amplitudės reikšmės. Nesiaiškinsim dėl klausos perdavimo charakteristikos, pabrėšime tik, kad garsumas yra subjektyvi reikšmė, objektyvi reikšmė yra garso slėgis.
kodėl slėgis matuojamas
decibelais, o ne N / m²?
Viskas yra paprasta – 0 dB sutiko priimti kaip garso slėgį 2 x 10 -5 N / m², todėl šimtą kartų didesnis slėgis atitinka 40 dB lygio. Tūkstantis kartų didesnis slėgis yra – 60 dB, milijonais – 120 dB. Vienintelis būdas sukurti garso slėgį – judinti mechaninius objektus elastingoje terpėje. Čia nėra išimčių – jei yra garsas, tai yra ir judėjimas.
Ar gali būt judėjimas be garso?
Teoriškai – ne, bet … Judantys objektai veikia aplinką dviem būdais, kurdami kaip lokalinį aplinkos tankio pokytį, taip pat ir perkelia tam tikrą aplinkos (masės) dalį už savęs. Jeigu aplinkos suspaudimas yra nereikšmingai mažas, tai ir garso slėgis yra toks mažas, kad praktiniu požiūriu jo nėra (tokiais atvejais sako, kad aplinkos skleidimo pasipriešinimo charakteris yra reaktyvus). Siekiant, kad pasipriešinimas skleidimui būtų aktyvus, objektas turi būti didelis ir greitai judėti. „Didelis” ir „greitai” – sąvokos yra grynai kokybinės, bet kiekybinis matas priklauso nuo terpės savybių, pavyzdžiui vandenyje, šaltinis gali būti labiau kompaktiškas.
Tradiciniuose garsiakalbiuose jo ploto padidėjimas suteikia efektyvumo didėjimą (jautrumo). Čia, beje, galite prisiminti, kaip taip išeina, kad efektyvumas akustikoje matuojamas dB / W (decibelais vienam vatui), o likusioje pasaulio dalyje – procentais. Čia taip pat yra savo 0 dB – tai yra akustinis efektyvumas 6,026 x 10 -10%. Dabar prisiminsim, kad 10 kartų padidėjusi energijos parametrų rodyklė atitinka 10 dB lygio padidėjimui ir suskaičiuosim, kad garsiakalbio su labai dideliu jautrumu 100 dB / W efektyvumas bus lygus 6,026%. Dažniausiai pasitaikantis jautrumas lygus 90 dB / W turės efektyvumo reikšmę lygia 0,6026%, palyginus su šiuo efektyvumo rodikliu šilumvežio efektyvumas žymi energijos taupymo technologijų pažangą.
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